Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (natural 16 December 1917) is a British author and inventor, most famous for his science-fiction novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, and for collaborating using director Stanley Kubrick on the film of the same title. Clarke is considered one of a Large 3 of science fiction, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Isaac Asimov.

2001: The Space Odyssey was written at a same time by owning the film version by Stanley Kubrick. It was loosely inspired by Clarke's short story "The Sentinel", but became its have novel when he was collaborating in the screenplay by using Kubrick. Kubrick approached Clarke all about writing a novel for the express purpose of making "the proverbial good science-fiction movie", & a novel was however existence written when a film was existence mass produced. This resulted inside one of a truly unique collaborations around media history.

Clarke has written many more books, including a Rama novels and many sequels to 2001, & numerous short stories, including "The Star", about the Jesuit priest's spiritual quandary.

There exists an asteroid named in his honour, 4923 Clarke, as well as a mintage of Ceratopsian dinosaur, Serendipaceratops arthurcclarkei, discovered around Inverloch in Australia. A 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter also is known as within honor of his works.

He sleep in Sri Lanka, and survived a tsunamis of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, but misplaced his diving school in Hikkaduwa ([http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=13638567] [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2004/12/30/latest/20462ArthurC&sec=latest]).

Biography

Clarke was natural around Minehead in Somerset, & when a son enjoyed stargazing and enthusiastically review old U.s. science-fiction magazines (several of which manufactured their way to England as ballast around ships). Fallowing lyceum, & researching at Richard Huish College, Taunton he was unable to afford the university education & consequently acquired a job as an auditor in the pensions subdivision of the Board of Education.

When you took a Second World War, he served in the Royal Air Force as a radar specialist and was included in the early warning radar defence system which contributed to the RAF's profits in a period of the Battle of Britain. Fallowing the war, he found a foremost class degree in mathematics & natural philosophy at King's College, London.

His first contribution can be a idea that geostationary satellites would be idealistic telecommunications relays. He proposed this construct inside the paper highborn "[http://www.lsi.usp.br/~rbianchi/clarke/ACC.ETRelaysFull.html Extra-Terrestrial Relays] - Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?", promulgated inside Wireless World in October 1945. A geostationary orbit is now every now and agaaround called a Clarke orbit in his honour. But, these are non clear that his article was actually a inspiration for modern telecommunications satellites. John R. Pierce, of Bell Labs, arrived at the idea independently in 1954, and he was actually involved in the Echo satellite and Telstar projects. President pierce felt that a idea was "in the air" at a instance, then he will use at times picked it higher indirectly from either Clarke.

Clarke's number one broker low was within 1946 to Astounding Science Fiction, the however memorable short story "Rescue Party". Along by having his writing, Clarke worked briefly when Help Editor of Science Abstracts before devoting himself to writing full-whale from either 1951. Clarke likewise contributed to the Dan Dare series and his number 1 3 promulgated novels were for the adolescent audience. He has been chair of the British Interplanetary Society and a member of the Underwater Explorers Club. His operate is marked by its affirmative see of science empowering humans's exploration of a solar formulas & an conspicuous influence was the function of Olaf Stapledon.

Inside 1951 he wrote The Sentry for the BBC competition. Though a story was rejected, it changed a course of Clarke's career. Non exclusively a basis for 2001, A Picket introduced the further occult & cosmic element to Clarke's operate. Several of Clarke's late works feature the technologically advanced however discriminatory humanity existence confronted by the superior alien intelligence. In the shells of The City and the Stars, ''Childhood's End, and the 2001 series, this encounter produces a conceptual breakthrough that accelerates humanity into the next stage of its evolution.

He has sleep in Colombo in Sri Lanka since 1956, immigrating when it was however known as Ceylon. This inspired a locus for his novel The Fountains of Paradise, in which he describes the space elevator. This, he numbers, may at last exist as his bequest, other thus than geostationary satellites, once space elevators produce space shuttles obsolete.

Early around his career, Clarke got a fascination sustaining the paranormal, and has stated that it was a portion of the inspiration for his novel Childhood's Prevent. He has too said that he was one of many world health organization were fooled by the Uri Geller demonstration at Birkbeck College. Although he has long ago fired & distanced himself from either 100% pseudoscience, he still advocates for search into supposed cases of psychokinesis and other similar phenomena.

Resulting a release of 2001, Clarke became lot sought after as a commentator in science & technology, especially at a period of the Apollo space program . He as well signed a record 3-book publication treat for the science fiction writer, the foremost of which Rendezvous with Rama in 1973 won him all a main genre awards & has spawned sequels that, along sustaining the 2001'' series, formed a backbone of Clarke's late career.

Clarke is besides easily known to several for his television programmes ''Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World (1981) and Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers (1984).

Around 1988, he was diagnosed by having post-polio syndrome and has since needed to utilise the wheelchair.

His knighthood was first announced inside 1998, but then a British tabloid The Sunday Mirror'' published accusations of paedophilia against him ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/52598.stm]). A award was delayed when a allegations were investigated, although by 2000 the BBC reported that he had been cleared ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/765385.stm]). Clarke's health did non allow him to travel to London to receive a honour personally from either the Queen, so a UK High Commissioner to Sri Lanka awarded him a title of Knight Bachelor at a ceremony inside Colombo.

He is presently a Honorary Board Chair of the Institute for Cooperation in Space, founded by Carol Rosin and on the Board of Governors of the National Space Society, a space advocacy organization originally founded by Dr. Wernher von Braun.

He was a foremost Chancellor of the International Space University, serving from 1989 to 2004 and Chancellor of Moratuwa University, Sri Lanka, from 1979 to 2002.

Inside 1986 he lent his name to the number one ever annual Arthur C. Clarke Award - dubbed "the Oscars for Space". His brmore attended a awards ceremony, & presented an award specially chosen by Arthur (& does'nt per panel of judges world health organization chose a other awards).

Bibliography
The unfair listing of his (a bit of co-authored) fiction books around chronological sequentially:

Prelude to Space (1951) The Sands of Mars (1951) Islands in the Sky (1952) Against the Fall of Night (1953) ''Childhood's End (1953) Expedition to Earth (1953) [short story collection] Earthlight (1955) Reach for Tomorrow (1956) [short story collection] The City and the Stars (1956) Tales from the White Hart (1957) [short story collection] The Deep Range (1957) The Other Side of the Sky (1958) [short story collection] Across the Sea of Stars'' (1959) [Childhood's End + Earthlight + 18 short stories] A Fall of Moondust (1961) From the Ocean, From the Stars (1962) [The City and the Stars + The Deep Range + The Other Side of the Sky] Tales of Ten Worlds (1962) [short story collection] Dolphin Island (1963) Glide Path (1963) An Arthur C. Clarke Omnibus (1965) [Childhood's End + Prelude to Space + Expedition to Earth] Prelude to Mars (1965) [Prelude to Space + The Sands of Mars] The Nine Billion Names of God (1967) [short story collection] 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) An Arthur C. Clarke Second Omnibus (1968) [A Fall of Moondust + Earthlight + The Sands of Mars] The Lion of Comarre & Against the Fall of Night (1968) Of Time and Stars (1972) [short story collection] The Wind from the Sun (1972) [short story collection] Rendezvous with Rama (1973) The Best of Arthur C. Clarke (1973) [short story collection] Imperial Earth (1975) Four Great SF Novels (1978) [The City and the Stars + The Deep Range + A Fall of Moondust + Rendezvous with Rama] The Fountains of Paradise (1979) 2010: Odyssey Two (1982) The Sentinel (1983) [short story collection] The Songs of Distant Earth (1986) 2061: Odyssey Three (1988) A Meeting With Medusa (1988) Cradle (1988) (co-authored with Gentry Lee) Rama II (1989) (co-authored with Gentry Lee) Beyond the Fall of Night (1990) (co-authored with Gregory Benford) Tales From Planet Earth (1990) [short story collection] The Ghost from the Grand Banks (1990) More Than One Universe (1991) [short story collection] The Garden of Rama (1991) (co-authored with Gentry Lee) Rama Revealed (1993) (co-authored with Gentry Lee) The Hammer of God (1993) The Snows of Olympus - A Garden on Mars (1994) [picture album with comments] Richter 10 (1996) (co-authored with Mike McQuay) 3001: The Final Odyssey (1997) The Trigger (1999) (co-authored with Michael P. Kube-McDowell) The Light of Other Days (2000) (co-authored with Stephen Baxter) The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke (2000) [short story collection] ''Time's Eye (2004) (co-authored with Stephen Baxter) Sunstorm (2005) (co-authored with Stephen Baxter)

Apart from either his fiction, Clarke has written ii autobiographies. Ascent to Orbit is what he calls his scientific autobiography and Astounding Days'' his science-fictional autobiography. Since Clarke has led the super fully & interesting life, each books contain lot of interest.

Themes, style, and influence

Clarke's early promulgated stories would unremarkably feature the extrapolation of a technical innovation or even scientific breakthrough that helps the guide of a human being quandary. A number 1 manned mission to the moon (Prelude to Space), the colonisation of Mars (The Sands of Mars) and life aboard the space laboratory (Islands in the Sky) were all genre SF mainstays. Clarke's background as a technical indicator writer showed in the early novels as a studied documentary film style & his characters reflect Clarke's own household budget existence mostly military or even civil service types. Despite this, Clarke's style wwhen open to humour & the degree of whimsy as salting their propagandistic tone of scientific advancement by owning the sting in the rump.

The revenant nature and severity of character is encountered in The Lion of Comarre, The City and the Stars, The Road to the Sea, and more works. The young human around the superficially utopian society becomes dissatisfied & restless & tries to expand his horizons, thereby discovering a underlying degeneracy of his have society.

A Scout introduced the religious theme to Clarke's act. His interest in the paranormal was influenced by Charles Fort and embraced a belief that world can be the property of an ancient alien civilisation. Amazingly for the writer world health organization is typically held higher for instance of strong science fiction's obsession by having technology, trine of Clarke's novels use this as a theme.

The adapted screenplays of Arthur C. Clarke

2001: A Space Odyssey
Clarke's number one venture into film was a Stanley Kubrick-directed 2001: A Space Odyssey. Kubrick & Clarke experienced met within 1964 to discuss the possibility of a collaborative film plan. When a idea developed, it was decided that a story for the film was to become loosely according to Clarke's short story "The Sentinel", written withwithin 1948 as an entry in the BBC short story competition. Originally, Clarke was attend write a screenplay for the film, however this proved to become supplementary tedious than he experienced judged. Instead, Kubrick & Clarke decided it would become better to write the novel 1st so adapt it for the film upon its completion. Yet, when Clarke was finishing a book, a screenplay was besides existence written at the same time. Due to the feverish schedule of the film's production, Kubrick & Clarke experienced difficulty collaborating on the book. Clarke completed a draft of the novel at the prevent of 1964 with a project to publish the novel around 1965 in advance of the film's release in 1966. When several delays a film was freed in a spring of 1968, prior to the book that was credited to Clarke alone "Based on a Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke". Clarke late complained that this experienced the symptom of making a book into a novelization, that Kubrick experienced manipulated circumstances to downplay his authorship. For these & more reasons, a details of a story differ slightly from either the book to the flick. A film occurs as bold artistic piece using little explanation for the cases ingesting place. Clarke, but then, wrote thorough explanations of "cause and effect" for the cases in the novel. Despite their differences, two film & novel were swell received. [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=2001.htm] [http://movies.go.com/moviesdynamic/movies/movie?id=479433] [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index%3Ddvd%2526field-keywords%3Dspace%2520odyssey%2526results-process%3Ddefault%2526dispatch%3Dsearch/ref%3Dpd%5Fsl%5Fov%5Ftops-1%5Fdvd%5F4138659%5F1/104-5000595-8600727]

Around 1972 Clarke published The Wasted Worlds of 2001, which involved his account of the production & surrogate versions of key scenes. A "special edition" of the novel A Space Odyssey (released in 1999) contains an introduction by Clarke, documenting his account of the cases leading to the release of the novel & film.

2010: The Year We Make Contact
Around 1982 Clarke continued a 2001 heroic using the sequel, 2010: Odyssey Two. This novel was likewise processed into the film, 2010: A Season I personally Make Contact, directed by Peter Hyams for release in 1984. Due to a political environment inside Us in the Eighties, the novel & film present a Cold War theme, using the looming tensions of nuclear war. A film wwhen non considered to become when radical or even artistic as 2001, however a reviews were however caring & it has earned across 40 million dollars since its release within N America. [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=2010.htm]

Clarke's e-mail correspondence by owning Hyams was published around 1984. Highborn The Odyssey File: The Making of 2010, & co-authored by owning Hyams, it illustrates his fascinatiin sustaining a so-pioneering medium & its have for a two to communicate on an well-nigh every day basis at the instance of planning and production of the film. A book besides includes Clarke's list of the best science-fiction films ever made.

Rendezvous with Rama
Early in the millennium, actor Morgan Freeman expressed his desire to make the film according to Arthur C. Clarke's novel Rendezvous by owning Rama. A film was to exist as by Freewoman's production company, Revelations Entertainment.[http://www.revelationsent.com/flash/index.html] Freeman has non given abreast the task, however claims that funding for the pic of this nature and severity is stiff to procure. a popular science-fiction internet site (Sci Fi Wire) posted an locate by owning Freewoman all about his troubles by owning the production. [http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/art-main.html?2003-03/14/12.00.film]

Essays and short stories
Virtually all of Clarke's essays (between 1934 to 1998) may be witnessed in the book Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds! (2000). Virtually all of his short stories may be witnessed in the book The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke (2001). It produce a good collection of Clarke's non-nonfictional prose & fiction works, possibly for victims world health organization already keep around virtually all of his books. An additional collection of early essays were published in The View from Serendip (1977), which also involved 1 short piece of fiction, "When the Twerms Came". He has too written short stories under a nom de guerre of E. G. O'Brien & Charles Willis.